QirāʾātThe ten readings

al-Dūrī ʿan Abī ʿAmr

الدوري عن أبي عمرو

Transmitterمدرسة البصرةd. ١٥٤هـBasran verse count · 6204Vol. I p. 208

Abū ʿAmr through al-Dūrī. Like Qālūn he has a choice of separated madd, 2 or 4, and does not apply the major assimilation that marks his fellow transmitter.

Hallmarks

  • Separated madd 2 or 4
  • No major assimilation

Measures of madd

In ḥarakāt. Where several are given, all are permitted — the choice is the reciter’s. Vol. I p. 246.

Natural
2
Badal (hamzah first)
2
Separated
2 or 4
Connected
4
Obligatory
6
For a pause
2, 4 or 6
Soft-letter
2, 4 or 6 when pausing
Compensatory
2
Minor ṣilah
2
Major ṣilah
2 or 4

Where he parts from Ḥafṣ

23 rules · 49 examples

Transcribed from Vol. I pp. 208–214.

Read this as a list of differences, not a complete account

The author makes Ḥafṣ the base and records for every other transmitter only where he diverges from Ḥafṣ — she says so outright at Vol. I p. 187. So the rules below are not everything al-Dūrī ʿan Abī ʿAmr does; they are the places he parts from Ḥafṣ. Everything not listed here, he shares with him. Ḥafṣ’s uṣūl in full →

  1. 1

    Basmalah, brief pause, or joining between two sūrahs

    البسملة والسكت والوصل بين السورتَين

    al-basmalah wa-l-sakt wa-l-waṣl bayna al-sūratayn

    Between the end of one sūrah and the start of the next, Abū ʿAmr has three permitted ways: say the basmalah, or make a short silent break (sakt) without it, or run the two sūrahs together with no break and no basmalah. Reciters who choose the sakt are advised by some authorities to say the basmalah anyway at the four 'bright' junctures (al-Muddaththir/al-Qiyāmah, al-Infiṭār/al-Muṭaffifīn, al-Fajr/al-Balad, al-ʿAṣr/al-Humazah), and those who join are advised to use sakt there. Two junctures are fixed for everyone: between al-Nās and al-Fātiḥah nobody uses sakt or joining, and between al-Anfāl and Barāʾah nobody says the basmalah.

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    زاد أبو عمرو بين السورتَين السكتَ والوصل بلا بسملة، واختار بعضُ أهل الأداء لمن يسكتُ بين السورتين البسملةَ في الأربع الزهر، والسكت فيهنَّ لمن يصل بينهما، ومعلوم أنه لا سكت ولا وصل لأحدٍ بين: الناس والفاتحة، ولا بسملة لأحد بين الأنفال وبراءة.

    Examples · 1

    • بِسْمِ ٱللَّهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِThe book names the junctures rather than quoting verses; the basmalah itself is the item at issue.
    The rule in general → The basmalah
  2. 2

    Separated and joined prolongation

    المدّ المنفصل والمتصل

    al-madd al-munfaṣil wa-l-muttaṣil

    Abū ʿAmr's standard is to keep the separated madd short (two counts — the madd letter ends one word and the hamzah begins the next) while giving the joined madd medium length (madd letter and hamzah inside the same word). Al-Dūrī has, in addition, a way in which both are medium. Two further ways are reported — short separated with the joined stretched to three alifs, from both transmitters, and both stretched to three alifs from al-Dūrī alone — but practice rests on the first two.

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    قرأ أبو عمرو بقصر المنفصل وتوسط المتصل، وزاد من رواية الدوريّ توسطهما، وجاء عنه أيضاً قصر المنفصل مع مد المتصل ثلاثاً من الروايتَين، ومدهما معاً ثلاثاً من رواية الدوريّ، والعمل على الأولَين.

    Examples · 2

    • بِمَآ أُنزِلَMunfaṣil: al-Dūrī may read it 2 counts (the standard) or 4.
    • جَآءَMuttaṣil: 4 counts as standard.
    The rule in general → Separated prolongation
  3. 3

    The pronoun hāʾ

    هاء الكناية

    hāʾ al-kināyah

    In a set of verbs whose final vowel was dropped for jussive, Abū ʿAmr closes the attached pronoun hāʾ with a sukūn instead of drawing it out: 'yuʾaddih ilayk', 'nuʾtih minhā', 'nuwallih', 'nuṣlih', 'wa-yattaqh'. In 'arjih' (al-Aʿrāf and al-Shuʿarāʾ) he inserts a silent hamzah after the jīm and gives the hāʾ a ḍammah with no lengthening. In 'fīhi muhānā' the hāʾ is short, not drawn out. In 'wa-mā ansānīhu' (al-Kahf) and 'ʿalayhu llāha' (al-Fatḥ) he gives the hāʾ a kasrah where Ḥafṣ gives it a ḍammah.

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    وقرأ ﴿يُؤَدِّهِۦٓ إِلَيْكَ﴾، و﴿نُؤْتِهِۦ مِنْهَا﴾، و﴿نُوَلِّهِۦ﴾، و﴿نُصْلِهِۦ﴾، و﴿وَيَتَّقْهِ﴾ بإسكان الهاء، و﴿أَرْجِهْ﴾ بالأعراف والشعراء بضم الهاء وقصرها مع زيادة همزة ساكنة قبلها، و﴿فِيهِۦ مُهَانًا﴾ بقصرها، و﴿وَمَآ أَنسَىٰنِيهُ﴾ بالكهف، و﴿عَلَيْهُ ٱللَّهَ﴾ في الفتح بكسر الهاء فيهما.

    Examples · 3

    • يُؤَدِّهِۦٓ إِلَيْكَĀl ʿImrān 3:75Abū ʿAmr: hāʾ with sukūn.
    • فِيهِۦ مُهَانًاal-Furqān 25:69Read with a short hāʾ.
    • وَمَآ أَنسَىٰنِيهُal-Kahf 18:63Read with kasrah on the hāʾ.
    The rule in general → The pronoun hāʾ
  4. 4

    'yarḍahu lakum' in al-Zumar

    ﴿يَرْضَهُ لَكُمْ﴾ من رواية الدوريّ

    yarḍahu lakum

    The two transmitters part company here. Al-Sūsī reads the hāʾ of 'yarḍahu lakum' with a plain sukūn only. Al-Dūrī has both: the sukūn, and the full drawn-out ḍammah (ṣilah) that Ḥafṣ does not use here.

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    واختُلف عنه أيضاً في ﴿يَرْضَهُ لَكُمْ﴾ بالزمر، فأسكنها السوسيّ، ورواها الدوريّ بالإسكان والإشباع.

    Examples · 1

    • يَرْضَهُ لَكُمْal-Zumar 39:7Al-Dūrī: sukūn or full ṣilah; al-Sūsī: sukūn only.
    The rule in general → The pronoun hāʾ
  5. 5

    Two hamzahs inside one word

    الهمزتان من كلمة

    al-hamzatān min kalimah

    Where two full hamzahs meet inside a single word, Abū ʿAmr softens the second one — it is not pronounced as a hard glottal stop but as a light sound halfway between a hamzah and the long vowel of its own vowel. In 'aʾimmatan' he additionally has a way in which the second becomes an outright yāʾ with kasrah. He also inserts a separating alif between the two hamzahs everywhere here, except in 'aʾimmatan', and (in one way) except where the second hamzah carries a ḍammah.

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    وقرأ بتسهيل الهمزة الثانية من كل همزتَي قطع اجتمعتا في كلمة نحو ﴿ءَأَنذَرْتَهُمْ﴾، ﴿أَءِنَّا﴾، ﴿أَءُلْقِىَ﴾، وزاد في ﴿أَءِمَّةً﴾ إبدال الثانية ياء مكسورة، وقرأ أيضاً بإدخال ألف الفصل بين الهمزتين في كل ذلك إلّا في ﴿أَءِمَّةً﴾ وإلّا إذا كانت ثانيتهما مضمومة في وجه.

    Examples · 3

    • ءَأَنذَرْتَهُمْal-Baqarah 2:6
    • أَءِنَّاSecond hamzah softened, with a separating alif before it.
    • أَءِمَّةًHere alone the separating alif is not inserted; a second way turns the hamzah into a kasrah-bearing yāʾ.
    The rule in general → Softening the hamzah
  6. 6

    Two hamzahs meeting across two words

    الهمزتان من كلمتَين

    al-hamzatān min kalimatayn

    When the last letter of one word and the first of the next are both hamzahs, Abū ʿAmr drops one of them outright (the first, or on another account the second) if they carry the same vowel — 'jāʾa amrunā' becomes 'jāʾ amrunā'. The madd letter standing before the dropped hamzah may be kept short or lengthened when he is reading the separated madd short, and must be lengthened when he lengthens it. If the two hamzahs carry different vowels, he softens or converts the second instead of deleting it: fatḥah then ḍammah or kasrah gives a softened second hamzah; ḍammah then fatḥah turns the second into a pure wāw; kasrah then fatḥah turns it into a pure yāʾ. All of this applies only when the two words are joined; if you stop on the first and begin again at the second, the hamzah is pronounced fully.

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    وقرأ بإسقاط الهمزة الأولى وقيل الثانية من كل همزتَي قطع التقتا من كلمتين، واتفقتا في الشكل، نحو ﴿جَآءَ أَمْرُنَا﴾، ﴿مِنَ ٱلسَّمَآءِ إِنْ﴾، ﴿أَوْلِيَآءُ أُو۟لَـٰٓئِكَ﴾، ويجوز له في حرف المد الواقع قبل الهمز الساقط القصر والمد عند قصر المنفصل، والمد فقط عند مده. فإن اختلَف الهمزتان في الشكل، بأن فُتِحَت الأولى وضُمَّت الثانية أو كسِرَت نحو ﴿شُهَدَآءَ إِذْ﴾، ﴿جَآءَ أُمَّةً﴾، فله تسهيل الثانية بين بين، وإن ضُمَّت الأولى وفُتحت الثانية نحو ﴿ٱلسُّفَهَآءُ أَلَآ﴾ فله إبدال الثانية واواً خالصة، وإن كسِرت الأولى وفتحت الثانية نحو ﴿مِنْ خِطْبَةِ ٱلنِّسَآءِ أَوْ﴾ فله إبدال الثانية ياءً خالصة.

    Examples · 3

    • جَآءَ أَمْرُنَاSame vowel on both: one hamzah is deleted.
    • ٱلسُّفَهَآءُ أَلَآal-Baqarah 2:13ḍammah then fatḥah: the second hamzah becomes a pure wāw.
    • يَشَآءُ إِلَىٰKasrah after ḍammah: the book reports both softening and a pure wāw for him.
    The rule in general → Softening the hamzah
  7. 7

    Transferring the vowel in 'ʿĀdan al-ūlā'

    النقل في ﴿عَادًا ٱلْأُولَىٰ﴾

    al-naql fī ʿĀdan al-ūlā

    In 'ʿĀdan al-ūlā' he moves the ḍammah of the hamzah back onto the lām of the definite article, so the hamzah disappears and the lām is voiced 'lu'; the tanwīn of 'ʿĀdan' is then assimilated into that lām while the words are joined, giving roughly 'ʿādal-lūlā'. If instead he stops after 'ʿĀdan' and restarts at 'al-ūlā', he may begin with the transferred vowel (with or without pronouncing the connecting hamzah) or without the transfer at all.

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    وقرأ ﴿عَادًا ٱلْأُولَىٰ﴾ في النجم بنقل حركة الهمزة المضمومة إلى اللام، وإدغام تنوين ﴿عَادًا﴾ فيها وصلاً، فإن وقف على ﴿عَادًا﴾ وابتدأ بالأولى جاز له النقل مع إثبات همزة الوصل وعدمها وتركه.

    Examples · 1

    • عَادًا ٱلْأُولَىٰal-Najm 53:50
    The rule in general → Transferring the vowel
  8. 8

    No pause at the four sakt places

    ترك السكت في المواضع الأربعة

    tark al-sakt

    At the four places where Ḥafṣ makes a brief breathless pause, Abū ʿAmr makes none: he runs the words straight together. Because there is no pause, the nūn of 'man' and the lām of 'bal' assimilate fully into the following rāʾ, so you hear 'mar-rāq' and 'bar-rāna'.

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    وقرأ ﴿عِوَجَا قَيِّمًا﴾ في الكهف، و﴿مَرْقَدِنَا هَـٰذَا﴾ في يـٓس، و﴿مَنْ رَاقٍ﴾ بالقيامة، و﴿بَلْ رَانَ﴾ في التطفيف بترك السكت مع إدغام نون ﴿مَنْ﴾ ولام ﴿بَلْ﴾ في الراء بعدهما.

    Examples · 2

    • مَنْ رَاقٍal-Qiyāmah 75:27Read joined, nūn assimilated into the rāʾ.
    • بَلْ رَانَal-Muṭaffifīn 83:14
    The rule in general → Brief pause
  9. 9

    Assimilation of a vowelless letter into the next

    الإدغام الصغير

    al-idghām al-ṣaghīr

    Abū ʿAmr merges a range of vowelless consonants into the consonant that follows: the dhāl of 'idh' and the dāl of 'qad' into their usual sets, the silent feminine tāʾ into its set, the lām of 'hal' into a following tāʾ in 'hal tarā', a jussive bāʾ into a following fāʾ, dhāl into tāʾ in 'ʿudhtu', 'fanabadhtuhā', 'ittakhadhtum', 'akhadhtum', thāʾ into tāʾ in 'ūrithtumūhā' and 'labithta', dāl into dhāl at 'Kāf-Hā-Yā-ʿAyn-Ṣād · Dhikru', dāl into thāʾ in 'wa-man yurid thawāba', and bāʾ into mīm in 'wa-yuʿadhdhibu man yashāʾ'. He also merges a jussive rāʾ into a following lām, as in 'wa-ṣbir li-ḥukmi rabbik' — but on this last item the transmission from al-Dūrī is divided, so both assimilation and clear pronunciation are reported for him.

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    وأدغم ذال ﴿إِذْ﴾ ودال ﴿قَدْ﴾ وتاء التأنيث الساكنة في حروفهن، ولام ﴿هَلْ﴾ في التاء من قوله تعالى ﴿هَلْ تَرَىٰ﴾ في الملك والحاقة، والباء المجزومة في الفاء نحو ﴿أَوْ يَغْلِبْ فَسَوْفَ﴾، والذال في التاء من ﴿عُذْتُ﴾، و﴿فَنَبَذْتُهَا﴾، و﴿ٱتَّخَذْتُمْ﴾، و﴿أَخَذْتُمْ﴾ كيف أتيا، والثاء في التاء من ﴿أُورِثْتُمُوهَا﴾ و﴿لَبِثْتَ﴾ كيف جاء، والدال في الذال من ﴿كَهيعص ذِكْرُ﴾، وفي الثاء في ﴿وَمَن يُرِدْ ثَوَابَ﴾ موضعَي آل عمران، والباء في الميم من ﴿وَيُعَذِّبُ مَن يَشَآءُ﴾ آخر البقرة، وكذا الراء المجزومة في اللام نحو ﴿وَٱصْبِرْ لِحُكْمِ رَبِّكَ﴾ إلّا أنه اختلف عن الدوريّ عنه فيه.

    Examples · 3

    • قَدْ سَمِعَType case for the dāl of 'qad'; the book lists the letter-sets rather than citing a verse for each.
    • وَٱصْبِرْ لِحُكْمِ رَبِّكَal-Qalam 68:48Reported from al-Dūrī both with and without assimilation.
    • وَمَن يُرِدْ ثَوَابَĀl ʿImrān 3:145
  10. 10

    Inclining every alif that stands before a final kasrah-bearing rāʾ

    إمالة كل ألف قبل راء متطرفة مكسورة

    imālat al-alif qabla al-rāʾ al-makṣūrah

    Two rules involving rāʾ. First, any word-final alif that the muṣḥaf writes as a yāʾ and that has a rāʾ before it is fully inclined towards the 'ee' sound — 'ishtarā' is heard closer to 'ishtarē'. Second, any alif standing immediately before a word-final rāʾ that carries a kasrah is likewise inclined, as in 'ad-dār' and 'al-ghār' — but he leaves three words open: 'wa-l-jāri', 'jabbārīna' and 'anṣārī'. The same inclining applies to an alif caught between two rāʾs where the second is final and genitive, as in 'kitāba l-abrāri'.

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    وأمال كل ألف رسمت في المصحف ياءً وكان قبلها راء نحو ﴿ٱشْتَرَىٰ﴾، و﴿بُشْرَىٰ﴾، و﴿أَسْرَىٰ﴾، و﴿ٱلنَّصَـٰرَىٰ﴾. وأمال أيضاً كلَّ ألف بعدها راء متطرفة مكسورة نحو ﴿ٱلدَّارِ﴾، و﴿ٱلْغَارِ﴾، لكنه استثنى من ذلك ﴿وَٱلْجَارِ﴾ و﴿جَبَّارِينَ﴾ و﴿أَنصَارِىٓ﴾ ففتحهنَّ. وأمال أيضاً كلَّ ألف وقعتْ بين راءَين ثانيتهما متطرِّفة مجرورة نحو ﴿كِتَـٰبَ ٱلْأَبْرَارِ﴾.

    Examples · 4

    • ٱشْتَرَىٰFinal alif written as yāʾ with rāʾ before it.
    • ٱلدَّارِAlif before a final kasrah rāʾ.
    • كِتَـٰبَ ٱلْأَبْرَارِal-Muṭaffifīn 83:18Alif between two rāʾs.
    • وَٱلْجَارِal-Nisāʾ 4:36Excepted — read open (fatḥ).
    The rule in general → Full inclination
  11. 11

    Light inclining of the feminine alif and of the verse-ends of eleven sūrahs

    تقليل ألف التأنيث المقصورة وفواصل السور الإحدى عشرة

    taqlīl alif al-taʾnīth wa-fawāṣil al-suwar

    A lighter version of the same inclining — the sound sits between a plain 'aa' and a full 'ee'. It covers the shortened feminine alif of the fuʿlā pattern wherever it occurs ('ṭūbā', 'taqwā', 'sīmāhum'), and the book counts 'Mūsā', 'ʿĪsā' and 'Yaḥyā' with them; where such a word has a rāʾ before the alif, the full inclining of the previous rule takes over. The same light inclining is applied to the verse-endings of eleven sūrahs — Ṭāhā, al-Najm, al-Maʿārij, al-Qiyāmah, al-Nāziʿāt, ʿAbasa, al-Aʿlā, al-Shams, al-Layl, al-Ḍuḥā and al-ʿAlaq — excluding alifs that are merely a written tanwīn ('hamsā', 'amtā'), anything that cannot be inclined at all, and rāʾ-words, which take the full inclining.

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    قلَّل كلَّ ألف تأنيث مقصورة وذلك في فُعلى كيف جاءت نحو ﴿طُوبَىٰ﴾ و﴿تَقْوَىٰ﴾ و﴿سِيمَاهُمْ﴾ وعدَّ منها ﴿مُوسَىٰ﴾ و﴿عِيسَىٰ﴾ و﴿يَحْيَىٰ﴾، لكنَّه أمال من ذلك ما كان رائيًّا كما تقدَّم. وقلَّل أيضاً ألفات فواصل السور الإحدى عشرة وهي طه والنجم وسأل والقيامة والنازعات وعبس وسبح والشمس والليل والضحى والعلق إلّا الألفات المبدلة من التنوين، نحو ﴿هَمْسًا﴾، و﴿أَمْتًا﴾، وما لا يقبل الإمالة بحال، وإلّا ما كان رائياً ففيه الإمالة على ما مرّ.

    Examples · 3

    • طُوبَىٰal-Raʿd 13:29
    • مُوسَىٰ
    • هَمْسًاṬāhā 20:108Excepted: the alif here only stands for tanwīn, so it is not inclined.
    The rule in general → Slight inclination
  12. 12

    Inclining 'al-Tawrāh', 'al-kāfirīn' and 'hādhihi aʿmā'

    إمالة ﴿ٱلتَّوْرَىٰةَ﴾ و﴿ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ﴾ و﴿هَـٰذِهِۦٓ أَعْمَىٰ﴾

    imālat al-Tawrāh wa-l-kāfirīn

    'Al-Tawrāh' is inclined wherever it appears. So are 'al-kāfirīn' and 'kāfirīn' whenever they come in the yāʾ form, whether genitive or accusative — not the nominative 'kāfirūn'. And so is the 'aʿmā' of 'hādhihi aʿmā', but only at the first of its two places in al-Isrāʾ.

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    وأمال ﴿ٱلتَّوْرَىٰةَ﴾ حيث وقع و﴿ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ﴾، و﴿كَـٰفِرِينَ﴾، حيث وقعا بالياء جرًّا أو نصباً، و﴿هَـٰذِهِۦٓ أَعْمَىٰ﴾ أول موضعَي الإسراء.

    Examples · 2

    • ٱلتَّوْرَىٰةَ
    • ٱلْكَـٰفِرِينَ
    The rule in general → Full inclination
  13. 13

    The hamzah of the past-tense 'raʾā'

    همز ﴿رَءَا﴾

    hamz raʾā

    The past-tense verb 'raʾā' when a voweled letter follows it — 'raʾā kawkaban', 'raʾāka lladhīna', 'raʾāhu mustaqirran'. The author dismisses the divergence over its rāʾ for al-Sūsī reported in al-Shāṭibī's Ḥirz, and likewise the divergence reported there over 'wa-raʾāhā' in al-Isrāʾ and Fuṣṣilat. When you stop on a 'raʾā' that is followed by a vowelless letter, incline its hamzah exactly as you do in the case where a voweled letter follows.

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    وهمَزَ ﴿رَءَا﴾ الفعل الماضي حيث وقع قبل محرَّك نحو ﴿رَءَا كَوْكَبًا﴾، ﴿رَءَاكَ ٱلَّذِينَ﴾، ﴿رَءَاهُ مُسْتَقِرًّا﴾، وما ذكرَه في الحرز من الخلاف في رائه للسوسيّ ينبغي ترْكه. وكذا ما ذكره له من الخُلف في همز ﴿وَرَءَاهَا﴾ بالإسراء وفصلت. وإذا وقفتَ على ﴿رَءَا﴾ الذي بعد ساكن فأمِلْ همزَه كالذي قبل المحرك.

    Examples · 2

    • رَءَا كَوْكَبًاal-Anʿām 6:76
    • رَءَاهُ مُسْتَقِرًّاal-Naml 27:40
    The rule in general → Full inclination
  14. 14

    Inclining the opening letters of certain sūrahs

    إمالة فواتح السور

    imālat fawātiḥ al-suwar

    In the detached letters that open certain sūrahs he inclines the 'rā' of 'Alif-Lām-Rā' in Yūnus and its sisters and of 'Alif-Lām-Mīm-Rā' in al-Raʿd, and the 'hā' of the opening of Maryam; the 'ḥā' of 'Ḥā-Mīm' in the seven sūrahs gets the lighter inclining. The divergence over the 'yā' of Maryam's opening reported for al-Sūsī in the Ḥirz should be dropped, as al-Nashr points out.

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    وأمالَ الراء من ﴿الٓر﴾ بيونس وأخواتها، و﴿الٓمٓر﴾ بالرعد، والهاء من فاتحة مريم، وقلّل الحاء من ﴿حمٓ﴾ في السبع. وما ذكرَه في الحرز من الخُلف عن السوسيّ في (يا) من فاتحة مريم ينبغي ترْكه كما نبَّه عليه في النشر.

    Examples · 2

    • الٓرYūnus 10:1
    • حمٓ
    The rule in general → Full inclination
  15. 15

    Al-Dūrī inclines the alif of the genitive 'al-nās'

    إمالة الدوريّ ألفَ ﴿ٱلنَّاسِ﴾ المجرور

    imālat al-Dūrī alif al-nās

    Al-Dūrī alone inclines the alif of 'al-nāsi' wherever the word occurs in the genitive, so it is heard closer to 'al-nēs'. Al-Sūsī has nothing here but the open, unchanged 'aa' by these lines of transmission — al-Sakhāwī and other verifying authorities state this expressly.

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    وأمال الدوريّ ألف ﴿ٱلنَّاسِ﴾ المجرور حيث وقع وليس فيه عن السوسيّ سوى الفتح من هذه الطرق على ما نبَّه عليه السخاويّ وغيره من محققي أئمَّتنا.

    Examples · 1

    • ٱلنَّاسِGenitive only; al-Dūrī inclines, al-Sūsī does not.
    The rule in general → Full inclination
  16. 16

    Al-Dūrī's light inclining in four words

    تقليل الدوريّ ﴿يَـٰوَيْلَتَىٰ﴾ وأخواتها

    taqlīl al-Dūrī

    Four more words take the lighter inclining from al-Dūrī specifically: the cries 'yā waylatā', 'yā asafā', 'yā ḥasratā', and the interrogative 'annā' (meaning 'how?' or 'from where?').

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    وقلَّل الدوريّ ﴿يَـٰوَيْلَتَىٰٓ﴾، و﴿يَـٰٓأَسَفَىٰ﴾، و﴿يَـٰحَسْرَتَىٰ﴾، و﴿أَنَّىٰ﴾ الاستفهامية.

    Examples · 3

    • يَـٰوَيْلَتَىٰal-Māʾidah 5:31
    • يَـٰٓأَسَفَىٰYūsuf 12:84
    • يَـٰحَسْرَتَىٰal-Zumar 39:56
    The rule in general → Slight inclination
  17. 17

    Note on when inclining is blocked

    تنبيه في الإمالة

    tanbīh fī al-imālah

    Whatever is inclined while joining is inclined when you stop on it as well. Assimilation does not block inclining. But if a vowelless letter or a tanwīn follows the inclined alif and the alif is dropped because of it, both grades of inclining lapse — and they come back as soon as stopping removes the obstruction.

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    تنبيه: كل ما أُميل أو قُلّل وصلاً فالوقف عليه كذلك، وتقدم أن الإدغام لا يمنع الإمالة، وإذا وقع بعد الألف الممالة ساكن أو تنوين وسقطتْ الألف لأجله امتنعتْ الإمالة بنَوعَيها، فإذا زال ذلك المانع بالوقف عادتْ.

    Examples · 1

    • مِنَ ٱلنَّارِ رَبَّنَاĀl ʿImrān 3:192Cited on p. 209 to show that assimilation does not block the inclining.
  18. 18

    Stopping on a feminine tāʾ written open

    الوقف على تاء التأنيث المرسومة تاءً

    al-waqf ʿalā tāʾ al-taʾnīth

    Where the muṣḥaf writes a feminine ending as an open tāʾ, Abū ʿAmr nevertheless stops on it as a hāʾ — the same list already given under Ḥafṣ, plus 'kalimatu' in al-Anʿām and 'min thamarātin' in Fuṣṣilat. He stops on 'wa-kaʾayyin' at the yāʾ (not the nūn) wherever it occurs, and on 'wayka'anna llāha' and 'wayka'annahu' in al-Qaṣaṣ at the kāf.

    Show the Arabic ▸

    ووقفَ بالهاء على كل هاء تأنيث رُسمت تاءً مجرورة وتقدم بيانها في رواية حفص، وكذا على ﴿كَلِمَتُ﴾ بالأنعام و﴿مِن ثَمَرَٰتٍ﴾ بفصلت. ووقف على الياء من ﴿وَكَأَيِّن﴾ حيث وقع، وعلى الكاف من ﴿وَيْكَأَنَّ ٱللَّهَ﴾، و﴿وَيْكَأَنَّهُۥ﴾ بالقصص.

    Examples · 2

    • وَكَأَيِّنStop: 'wa-kaʾayy'.
    • وَيْكَأَنَّ ٱللَّهَal-Qaṣaṣ 28:82Stop: 'wayka'.
    The rule in general → Pausing on final letters
  19. 19

    The possessive yāʾ

    ياءات الإضافة

    yāʾāt al-iḍāfah

    Wherever a possessive 'my' yāʾ stands before a cutting hamzah, Abū ʿAmr opens it with a fatḥah rather than leaving it silent: 'innī aʿlamu' is read 'inniya aʿlamu'. The book lists the places exhaustively across pp. 213–214. He also opens it before a connecting hamzah in seven words — 'innī ṣṭafaytuka', 'akhī shdud', 'li-nafsī dhhab', 'dhikrī dhhabā', 'qawmī ttakhadhū', 'yā laytanī ttakhadhtu', 'baʿdī smuhu' — and before the article in 'ʿahdī ẓ-ẓālimīn'. Against that he silences it in 'yā ʿibādiya lladhīna' (both places), 'baytiya' in al-Baqarah, al-Ḥajj and Nūḥ, 'wajhiya' in Āl ʿImrān and al-Anʿām, 'maʿiya' in all nine places, and 'wa-liya' everywhere except Yāsīn.

    Show the Arabic ▸

    وقرأ بفتح الياء من ﴿إِنِّىٓ أَعْلَمُ﴾ موضعان بالبقرة وموضع بيوسف، و﴿أَنِّىٓ أَخْلُقُ﴾ بآل عمران، و﴿إِنِّىٓ أَخَافُ﴾ بالمائدة والأنعام والأعراف والأنفال ويونس... و﴿إِنَّ لِىَ﴾ بفصلت، و﴿ءَابَآءِىَ إِبْرَٰهِيمَ﴾ بيوسف، و﴿دُعَآءِىَ إِلَّا﴾ بنوح وكل ذلك قبل همز القطع. وفتحَ الياء من ﴿عَهْدِى ٱلظَّـٰلِمِينَ﴾، وسكَّنها من ﴿يَـٰعِبَادِىَ ٱلَّذِينَ﴾ معاً، وفتحَها من ﴿إِنِّى ٱصْطَفَيْتُكَ﴾، و﴿أَخِى ٱشْدُدْ﴾، و﴿لِنَفْسِى ٱذْهَبْ﴾، و﴿ذِكْرِى ٱذْهَبَا﴾، و﴿قَوْمِى ٱتَّخَذُوا۟﴾، و﴿يَـٰلَيْتَنِى ٱتَّخَذْتُ﴾، و﴿بَعْدِى ٱسْمُهُۥٓ﴾، وسبعتها قبل همز الوصل، وسكَّن الياء من ﴿بَيْتِىَ﴾ بالبقرة والحج ونوح، و﴿وَجْهِىَ﴾ بآل عمران والأنعام، و﴿مَعِىَ﴾ في مواضعها التسعة، و﴿وَلِىَ﴾ فيما عدا يـٓس.

    Examples · 3

    • إِنِّىٓ أَعْلَمُal-Baqarah 2:30Read with fatḥah on the yāʾ: 'inniya aʿlamu'.
    • أَخِى ٱشْدُدْṬāhā 20:31One of the seven before a connecting hamzah.
    • مَعِىَSilenced in all nine places.
    The rule in general → The possessive yāʾ
  20. 20

    The 'extra' yāʾs not written in the muṣḥaf

    ياءات الزوائد

    yāʾāt al-zawāʾid

    In thirty-three places the muṣḥaf omits a final yāʾ that the recitation restores; Abū ʿAmr pronounces it. The book gives the full list on p. 214. In 'yā ʿibādi lā khawfun' the restored yāʾ is silent and stands both when joining and when stopping.

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    وقرأ ﴿يَـٰعِبَادِ لَا خَوْفٌ﴾ بإثبات ياء ساكنة في الحالين وكلهن قبل غير الهمز. وقرأ بإثبات الياء الزائدة لفظاً المحذوفة خطاً في ثلاثةٍ وثلاثين موضعاً ﴿ٱلدَّاعِ﴾، و﴿دَعَانِ﴾، و﴿وَٱتَّقُونِ﴾...

    Examples · 3

    • ٱلدَّاعِRead 'ad-dāʿī' with the yāʾ restored.
    • دَعَانِal-Baqarah 2:186Read 'daʿāni' with the yāʾ restored.
    • يَـٰعِبَادِ لَا خَوْفٌal-Zukhruf 43:68Restored yāʾ, silent, in both joining and stopping.
    The rule in general → The restored yāʾ
  21. 21

    Al-Dūrī joins al-Sūsī in 'Yājūj wa-Mājūj'

    موافقة الدوريّ السوسيَّ في ﴿يَأْجُوجُ وَمَأْجُوجُ﴾

    Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj

    Al-Sūsī's general rule of turning a vowelless hamzah into a long vowel does not belong to al-Dūrī — except here. In 'Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj' (al-Kahf and al-Anbiyāʾ) al-Dūrī agrees with him, so both read 'Yājūj wa-Mājūj' with a plain long alif and no glottal stop.

    Show the Arabic ▸

    ووافقه الدوريّ في ﴿يَأْجُوجُ وَمَأْجُوجُ﴾ في الكهف والأنبياء.

    Examples · 1

    • يَأْجُوجُ وَمَأْجُوجُal-Kahf 18:94
  22. 22

    Assimilation in 'bayyata ṭāʾifatun'

    إدغام ﴿بَيَّتَ طَآئِفَةٌ﴾

    bayyata ṭāʾifah

    The tāʾ at the end of 'bayyata' is merged into the ṭāʾ that begins 'ṭāʾifatun', so the two run together as a single doubled ṭāʾ.

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    وأدغم أبو عمرو ﴿بَيَّتَ طَآئِفَةٌ﴾ في النساء.

    Examples · 1

    • بَيَّتَ طَآئِفَةٌal-Nisāʾ 4:81
  23. 23

    Individual words whose hamzah he changes

    الهمز المفرد في كلمات مخصوصة

    al-hamz al-mufrad

    A handful of words carry a hamzah for Abū ʿAmr where Ḥafṣ has none, or lose one: 'bādiya' in Hūd is read with a hamzah in place of the yāʾ; 'yuḍāhiʾūna' in al-Tawbah loses its hamzah and takes a ḍammah on the hāʾ; 'murjawna' and 'turjī' take a ḍammah-bearing hamzah after the jīm; and 'lā yalitkum' in al-Ḥujurāt gains a silent hamzah after the yāʾ. In this last word al-Sūsī, following his own general rule, turns that silent hamzah into a long alif.

    Show the Arabic ▸

    وقرأ ﴿بَادِىَ﴾ بهود بهمزة مكان الياء، و﴿يُضَـٰهِـُٔونَ﴾ في التوبة بضم الهاء من غير همز، و﴿مُرْجَوْنَ﴾ في التوبة، و﴿تُرْجِى﴾ في الأحزاب بهمزة مضمومة بعد الجيم، و﴿لَا يَلِتْكُم﴾ في الحجرات بهمزة ساكنة بعد الياء، وأبدلها السوسيّ ألفاً على قاعدته.

    Examples · 2

    • يُضَـٰهِـُٔونَal-Tawbah 9:30Read without hamzah, with ḍammah on the hāʾ.
    • لَا يَلِتْكُمal-Ḥujurāt 49:14Silent hamzah after the yāʾ; al-Sūsī turns it into an alif.
Not fully resolved from the scan · 4
  • p. 212 — the paragraph on ﴿رَءَا﴾ opens with a verb read as وهمَزَ ('and he pronounced the hamzah of'); the rest of the passage (فأمِلْ همزَه كالذي قبل المحرك) is about inclining, so the intended sense may be وأمالَ. Recorded exactly as printed.
  • p. 208 — the conditions for al-Sūsī's great assimilation are printed as 'تاء متكلم أو مخاطَب أو تاء خطاب', which repeats the addressee tāʾ. Transcribed as printed.
  • p. 213 — the long enumeration of yāʾāt al-iḍāfah (roughly 130 items) and p. 214 the list of 33 yāʾāt al-zawāʾid were not transcribed item by item; only the rule and representative examples are recorded.
  • p. 209 — in ﴿ٱلْأَخِرَةِ ذَٰلِكَ﴾ and ﴿بِٱلْأَخِرَةِ زَيَّنَّا﴾ the book's spelling of 'al-ākhirah' could not be resolved between ٱلْـَٔاخِرَة and ٱلْأَخِرَة; those two examples are therefore omitted.

Cross-reference

Every rule in the general reference that names al-Dūrī ʿan Abī ʿAmr explicitly, or that applies to all ten.