al-Fātiḥah— The Opening

ʿĀṣim — through both Shuʿbah and Ḥafṣ — together with al-Kisāʾī, Yaʿqūb and Khalaf al-ʿĀshir read مَٰلِكِ, with an alif after the mīm: “Master of the Day of Judgement”. The remaining readers read مَلِكِ, without the alif: “King of the Day of Judgement”. Both are sound and the difference is one of sense rather than sound alone — مالك is an active participle from malaka, “to own”, while ملك is an adjective from maluka, “to be sovereign”.

Qunbul (transmitting from Ibn Kathīr) and Ruways (from Yaʿqūb) read ٱلسِّرَٰطَ with a plain sīn. Khalaf and Khallād (from Ḥamzah) keep the ṣād but blend it toward a zāy — the rule called ishmām. Everyone else pronounces a clean ṣād. The underlying root has sīn; it was written and read with ṣād so that it would sit comfortably with the emphatic ṭāʾ that follows.

The same divergence as in ٱلصِّرَٰطَ immediately before: Qunbul and Ruways with sīn, Khalaf and Khallād with ṣād blended toward zāy, the rest with a clean ṣād.

Ḥamzah — through Khalaf and Khallād — and Yaʿqūb place a ḍammah on the hāʾ: عَلَيْهُمْ. Ibn Kathīr, Abū Jaʿfar and Qālūn instead connect the plural mīm with a w-glide: عَلَيْهِمُو. The rest read as Ḥafṣ does, with a kasrah on the hāʾ and a silent mīm. Because these suffixes recur constantly, this one rule accounts for a large share of the divergences in the whole muṣḥaf. — Still to check: whether Yaʿqūb also connects the mīm could not be resolved from the scan.